Question: Why is it important for women to be part of community forest resource management? What factors prevent them from participating in forest governance? In what ways would their presence improve governance outcomes? Use one country-specific example to illustrate. (3000 words with 10% word allowance either way).
Guidelines:
1. Choose a country and support your argument with figures, drawing on existing literature and reports available for that country. You can use google search to find supporting literature as well
2. Please focus on the question and answer it directly. Do not go into issues which are not relevant to the question.
3. You can choose readings from anywhere, but please write the essay based on the literatures in the reading list below. however, do not limit yourself to the reading list, since the reading list does not focus on specific countries. So this essay focused on a country will need more readings/references.
Reading list:
Key readings
Agarwal, B. 2010. Gender and Green Governance (Oxford: Oxford University Press),
chapter 2 (pp. 31-54).
Schlager, E., and Ostrom, Elinor. 1992. Property Rights and Natural Resources: A
Conceptual Analysis, Land Economics, 68(3): 24962.
Agarwal, B. (2000), Conceptualizing Environmental Collective Action: Why Gender
Matters, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 24(3): 283310.
_____ (2001), Participatory Exclusions, Community Forestry and Gender: An Analysis for
South Asia and a Conceptual Framework, World Development, 29(10): 162348.
______ (2009): Gender and Forest Conservation, Ecological Economics, 68: 2785-99.
_____ (2016). The Gender and Environment Debate: Lessons from India, in Gender
Challenges, Oxford University Press, Vol. 3, chap 1.
Leisher, C. et al. (2016). Does The Gender Composition of Forest and Fishery Management
Groups Affect Resource Governance and Conservation Outcomes: A Systematic Map
Environmental Evidence, 5:16. DOI 10.1186/s13750-016-0057-8
Additional readings
Braidotti, R. (1994). Women, the Environment and Sustainable Development: Towards a
Theoretical Synthesis. London: Zed Books. See especially chapters 1 and 5
Humphries, J. (1990), Enclosures, Common Rights, and Women: The Proletarianization of
Families in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries, Journal of Economic
History, 50: 1742.
Brundtland, G. 1987. Our Common Future: The World Commission on Environment and
Development (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Hobley, M. 1996. Participatory Forestry: The Process of Change in India and Nepal
(London: ODI)
Larson, A.M. (2012). Tenure Rights and Access to Forests: A Training Manual, Part I: A
Guide to Key Issues (Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research).
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