What type of hypothesis (theory-driven or data-driven) did the authors make?

What type of hypothesis (theory-driven or data-driven) did the authors make? (2) Do you think this is a causal or a descriptive hypothesis? How do you know?

Describe the difference between a descriptive and a causal hypothesis. Which kind of hypothesis are the authors making here? Why?

What area of psychology would you classify this research? Why?

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