What leads the author to say that the opponent’s argument is invalid?

SUMMARY

Please send each summary in a diff file or doc (with the naming as the summary name

Please read the following article and provide summary consists of a 7 sentence summary of each reading and summarry of the authors main point and a single substantive question about the article. A “substantive question” is directly relevant to the content of the article, is not answered by the author in the assigned reading and cannot be answered simply by consulting a dictionary.

Not substantive: What does the word “valid” mean?

Substantive: What leads the author to say that the opponent’s argument is invalid?

A substantive question can be virtually anything: a clarification question, a hypothetical scenario, a challenge to the author, a question about competing philosophical views on the topic. Provided that you are making a real effort to ask a real questicixon and summarize the material

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