What are the independent and dependent variables of this study?

Using the assigned research article, address each of the questions below in a short answer format or a bulleted list with complete sentences.
Critique 1:
Introduction, Background, Research Questions, and Hypothesis:
1.Is the topic of study important?
2.Does the author discuss the outcome of previous research on this issue? Does this study add new information?
3.What is the purpose of the study? Does the article state hypotheses or list objectives? Are all of these clearly stated, or did you have to guess?
Variables:
1.What are the independent and dependent variables of this study? Are their additional variables that serve as control variables?
Does the study provide an adequate operational definition of the variables?
2.What level of measurement is used for each of the major variables (i.e., identify the scale and values of each variable)?
3.Is evidence provided regarding the reliability and/or validity of the independent and dependent variables? If so, describe how reliability was assessed and/or the type of validity reported (e.g., face, criterion or construct.

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