The Biological Effectiveness of the Green Energy Transition Policy in Addressing Public Health Impacts of Climate Change Research

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the “Green Energy Transition” policy within the context of global climate change, with a specific focus on its biological implications for public health. Climate change is identified as a critical global challenge, and the policy under examination is pivotal in mitigating its public health impacts. The paper explores the importance of this policy as it addresses the pressing need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, thereby influencing a wide range of biological consequences associated with climate change.Key aspects of this assessment include an in-depth examination of the biological details of climate change, its associated risk factors, and determinants of health. Additionally, the paper delves into the historical development of policies addressing climate change and evaluates the effectiveness of current recommendations and national policies. The findings highlight the policy’s mixed effectiveness in addressing the complex biological dynamics of climate change, necessitating a multifaceted approach for more robust intervention strategies. The recommendations put forth aim to enhance the biological effectiveness of the “Green Energy Transition” policy, emphasizing the significance of global cooperation, resilient healthcare systems, research prioritization, sustainable agriculture, and equitable adaptation strategies. This comprehensive analysis contributes to the ongoing discourse at the intersection of public health and environmental policies, offering insights into the evolving challenges posed by climate change and strategies to safeguard both our planet’s health and the well-being of its inhabitants.

Introduction

The “Green Energy Transition” policy stands at the intersection of two pressing global challenges: public health and climate change. In an era marked by escalating environmental crises and growing concerns about their profound impact on human well-being, this policy initiative emerges as a beacon of hope. It represents a concerted effort to mitigate the health consequences of climate change by addressing its underlying biological determinants. This paper embarks on an exploratory journey, seeking to assess the validity and effectiveness of the “Green Energy Transition” policy from a biological perspective within the context of global climate change. By delving into the intricate web of interconnected factors, ranging from the biological details of climate change to historical policy evolution and current recommendations, we aim to provide a comprehensive evaluation of this critical policy’s impact on public health. In doing so, we hope to shed light on its potential to safeguard the health of present and future generations in the face of a rapidly changing climate.

Public Health Issue and Importance

Climate change has emerged as one of the most pressing global challenges of the 21st century, with far-reaching implications for public health (Watts et al., 2018). The “Green Energy Transition” policy plays a pivotal role in addressing the public health issue of climate change by targeting the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating its adverse effects. This policy is of paramount importance due to the gravity of the climate crisis and its profound impact on human well-being.

One of the primary concerns associated with climate change is the increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, heatwaves, and wildfires (Haines et al., 2017). These events have direct and indirect consequences for public health. Heatwaves, for instance, can lead to heat-related illnesses and deaths, particularly among vulnerable populations such as the elderly and those with preexisting health conditions (Watts et al., 2017). The “Green Energy Transition” policy’s focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions aligns with the imperative to mitigate these extreme weather events, thus safeguarding public health.

Moreover, climate change is altering disease patterns and expanding the geographic range of vector-borne diseases (Watts et al., 2017). For instance, the spread of diseases like malaria and dengue fever is influenced by changing temperature and precipitation patterns, enabling disease-carrying vectors to thrive in new areas (Haines et al., 2017). The policy’s role in reducing emissions not only addresses the root cause of these changes but also contributes to efforts to control the spread of vector-borne diseases, protecting communities from the associated health risks.

Another vital aspect of the public health issue related to climate change is food security (Watts et al., 2018). Altered weather patterns and increased temperatures can disrupt agricultural systems, leading to reduced crop yields and food scarcity. This not only impacts the availability of nutritious food but also contributes to malnutrition and foodborne diseases (Haines et al., 2017). The “Green Energy Transition” policy’s efforts to mitigate climate change by promoting sustainable energy sources indirectly support food security by reducing the emissions that drive these disruptions.

Furthermore, climate change has implications for clean water resources, a fundamental determinant of health (Haines et al., 2017). Altered precipitation patterns can lead to water scarcity or excessive rainfall, both of which pose health risks. Droughts can reduce the availability of safe drinking water, leading to waterborne diseases, while heavy rainfall can result in water contamination and flooding, increasing the risk of water-related illnesses (Watts et al., 2017). By reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the policy contributes to stabilizing climate patterns, thereby supporting the availability of clean and safe water resources essential for public health.

The importance of addressing climate change from a public health perspective cannot be overstated. Vulnerable populations, including children, the elderly, and low-income communities, are disproportionately affected by the health consequences of climate change (Haines et al., 2017). Additionally, the global nature of climate change means that its impacts transcend borders, necessitating international cooperation and policy interventions (Watts et al., 2018). The “Green Energy Transition” policy represents a critical step in this direction, as it not only recognizes the public health imperative but also seeks to address it by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change’s biological impacts.

In summary, the “Green Energy Transition” policy is designed to address the paramount public health issue of climate change. Its importance lies in its potential to mitigate the multifaceted biological consequences of climate change, including extreme weather events, altered disease patterns, food security challenges, and disruptions in clean water resources. By reducing greenhouse gas emissions, this policy aligns with the imperative to protect the health and well-being of populations globally, especially the most vulnerable.

Biological Details of Climate Change

Climate change, driven by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, has far-reaching biological implications that directly impact public health (IPCC, 2018). Understanding the biological details of climate change is essential to appreciate the urgency of addressing this global challenge through policies like the “Green Energy Transition.” This section delves into these biological intricacies, highlighting how climate change alters ecosystems, influences disease patterns, and threatens food and water resources.

One of the most noticeable biological effects of climate change is the alteration of temperature patterns. Rising global temperatures have significant consequences for ecosystems and biodiversity (IPCC, 2018). These changes can disrupt the breeding and migration patterns of various species, leading to shifts in their geographic ranges (Haines et al., 2017). Such disruptions can have cascading effects on ecosystems, affecting species interactions, food webs, and ultimately, human well-being.

Furthermore, the warming climate can impact the distribution and prevalence of vector-borne diseases. For instance, as temperatures rise, regions that were once unsuitable for disease vectors like mosquitoes become suitable for their proliferation (Haines et al., 2017). This expansion of disease vectors’ ranges can lead to increased transmission of diseases such as malaria and dengue fever, posing a direct threat to public health (Watts et al., 2017). The “Green Energy Transition” policy’s goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions aligns with efforts to mitigate the spread of these diseases by curbing the conditions that favor vector proliferation.

In addition to temperature changes, climate change can also result in altered precipitation patterns. Some regions experience more intense rainfall and flooding, while others face prolonged droughts (IPCC, 2018). These shifts can disrupt agriculture and compromise food security (Watts et al., 2018). Flooding can contaminate water sources and destroy crops, increasing the risk of waterborne diseases and malnutrition (Haines et al., 2017). Conversely, droughts can lead to water scarcity and reduced crop yields, exacerbating food shortages (Watts et al., 2018). The “Green Energy Transition” policy’s efforts to reduce emissions contribute to climate stability, indirectly supporting food security and water resource availability.

Moreover, changes in climate can affect the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, hurricanes, and wildfires (Haines et al., 2017). These events have immediate and long-term health consequences. Heatwaves, for example, can lead to heat-related illnesses and fatalities, particularly among vulnerable populations (Watts et al., 2017). Hurricanes and floods can displace communities, disrupt healthcare services, and create conditions conducive to disease outbreaks (Haines et al., 2017). The “Green Energy Transition” policy’s focus on mitigating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions is essential in addressing the root causes of these extreme events, thus safeguarding public health.

Furthermore, climate change can affect the availability and quality of clean water resources (IPCC, 2018). Altered precipitation patterns can lead to both water scarcity and excessive rainfall, with each posing health risks (Haines et al., 2017). Droughts can reduce the availability of safe drinking water, increasing the likelihood of waterborne diseases (Watts et al., 2017). Conversely, heavy rainfall can result in water contamination and flooding, further elevating the risk of water-related illnesses (Haines et al., 2017). By reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the “Green Energy Transition” policy supports climate stability, indirectly contributing to the availability of clean and safe water resources essential for public health.

In summary, climate change, driven by greenhouse gas emissions, fundamentally alters temperature patterns, precipitation, and extreme weather events, thereby disrupting ecosystems and posing direct and indirect threats to public health. Recognizing these biological intricacies underscores the urgency of policies like the “Green Energy Transition” in mitigating climate change and its health-related consequences. This policy’s emphasis on reducing emissions aligns with the imperative to protect ecosystems and safeguard the well-being of communities worldwide.

Risk Factors and Determinants of Health

Climate change, with its profound biological effects, presents a multitude of risk factors and determinants of health that demand attention and mitigation (Haines et al., 2017). These factors are intertwined with the complex web of climate-induced changes and have significant implications for public health. In this section, we explore the various risk factors and determinants associated with climate change and how they are interlinked.

One of the primary risk factors linked to climate change is prolonged exposure to extreme temperatures (Haines et al., 2017). As global temperatures rise, more people are susceptible to heat-related illnesses and heat stress. Vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and individuals with preexisting health conditions, are at higher risk (Watts et al., 2017). Moreover, increased exposure to extreme heat can lead to decreased work productivity and exacerbate preexisting health disparities (Haines et al., 2017). The “Green Energy Transition” policy’s objective to reduce greenhouse gas emissions aligns with mitigating these temperature-related health risks by curbing the rise in global temperatures.

Air pollution is another significant risk factor associated with climate change (Haines et al., 2017). Higher temperatures can exacerbate air pollution problems by increasing the formation of ground-level ozone and particulate matter, which can negatively impact respiratory health (Watts et al., 2017). Poor air quality is linked to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and premature mortality (Haines et al., 2017). Vulnerable populations, such as children and individuals with preexisting respiratory conditions, are especially susceptible. By reducing emissions, the “Green Energy Transition” policy contributes to cleaner air, reducing the risk of air pollution-related health issues.

The increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events, a consequence of climate change, also pose significant health risks (Haines et al., 2017). Hurricanes, floods, and wildfires can result in injuries, mental health issues, and displacement of communities (Watts et al., 2017). The disruption of healthcare services during and after these events can further exacerbate health vulnerabilities. Vulnerable populations, including low-income communities and those lacking access to adequate healthcare, are disproportionately affected. The “Green Energy Transition” policy’s focus on mitigating climate change helps reduce the occurrence of these extreme events, thus mitigating the associated health risks.

Food insecurity is a critical determinant of health closely linked to climate change (Watts et al., 2018). Altered precipitation patterns and temperature shifts can disrupt agricultural systems, leading to reduced crop yields and increased food scarcity (Haines et al., 2017). Food insecurity is associated with malnutrition, which can lead to a range of health problems, especially among children and pregnant women (Watts et al., 2017). Additionally, food scarcity can contribute to conflicts and displacement, further impacting public health (Haines et al., 2017). The “Green Energy Transition” policy’s efforts to stabilize climate conditions indirectly support food security, helping mitigate the risks associated with food scarcity.

Displacement due to climate change, whether caused by sea-level rise, extreme weather events, or environmental degradation, is another determinant of health (Haines et al., 2017). Displaced populations often face overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions, lack of access to healthcare, and increased susceptibility to disease outbreaks (Watts et al., 2017). Vulnerable communities are particularly at risk of displacement and its associated health consequences. The “Green Energy Transition” policy’s role in mitigating climate change contributes to climate stability, potentially reducing the displacement of communities and protecting their health.

In summary, climate change brings forth an array of risk factors and determinants of health, including exposure to extreme temperatures, air pollution, extreme weather events, food insecurity, and displacement. Vulnerable populations are disproportionately affected by these factors, underscoring the urgency of addressing climate change through policies like the “Green Energy Transition.” By reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change, this policy aligns with efforts to reduce these health risks and promote the well-being of communities worldwide.

Historical Policy Development

The recognition of climate change as a global issue with significant biological and public health implications led to the development of historical policies and international agreements aimed at addressing this pressing challenge (Watts et al., 2018). These policies have evolved over time to address the growing urgency of climate change and its impact on public health.

One of the earliest international efforts to address climate change was the Kyoto Protocol, established in 1997 (Watts et al., 2018). The Kyoto Protocol marked a crucial milestone by setting legally binding emissions reduction targets for industrialized nations. It represented a collective commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, acknowledging the role of human activities in driving climate change. While the protocol did not explicitly focus on public health, it laid the groundwork for subsequent policies by recognizing the importance of curbing emissions to mitigate climate-related impacts.

The Kyoto Protocol was succeeded by the Paris Agreement in 2015, a landmark international accord (IPCC, 2018). The Paris Agreement aimed to strengthen the global response to climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, with an aspiration to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius. This agreement acknowledged the critical importance of addressing climate change’s impacts on public health and emphasized the need for adaptation and resilience-building efforts to protect vulnerable populations (Watts et al., 2018).

At the national level, many countries have developed their climate policies and action plans in alignment with international agreements (Watts et al., 2018). These policies often include strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote renewable energy sources, and enhance energy efficiency. For example, nations have implemented incentives for the adoption of solar and wind energy, introduced emissions reduction targets, and initiated carbon pricing mechanisms (Haines et al., 2017).

In addition to international and national policies, various regions and cities have taken proactive measures to address climate change (Watts et al., 2018). Local initiatives include urban planning for climate resilience, investments in public transportation, and the promotion of green spaces. These efforts acknowledge the importance of addressing climate change at the community level and recognize that public health is intricately linked to local environmental conditions (Haines et al., 2017).

Despite these historical policy developments, challenges persist in fully addressing the biological impacts of climate change on public health. Implementation gaps, insufficient funding, and resistance from vested interests have hindered the effectiveness of some policies (Haines et al., 2017). Furthermore, the evolving nature of climate change, with new and unforeseen health threats emerging, necessitates continuous adaptation and policy refinement (Watts et al., 2018).

The “Green Energy Transition” policy is part of this historical continuum, representing a contemporary effort to address the public health issue of climate change. It builds upon the foundations laid by previous policies and international agreements, recognizing the urgency of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the biological impacts of climate change. However, it is crucial to assess its effectiveness in the current context and identify areas for improvement to ensure a sustainable and resilient future for public health.

Current Recommendations and Policies

In the face of the escalating climate crisis, nations around the world have implemented a range of current recommendations and policies to address the public health issue of climate change. These initiatives are essential for mitigating the biological consequences of climate change and fostering a more resilient and sustainable future for global health.

One of the central pillars of current climate policy is the promotion of renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydropower (Haines et al., 2017). Many countries have adopted policies and incentives to encourage the transition from fossil fuels to clean energy. For example, feed-in tariffs, tax credits, and subsidies have been employed to stimulate investment in renewable energy technologies (Watts et al., 2018). These policies not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also promote energy security and public health by decreasing air pollution (Haines et al., 2017).

Additionally, energy efficiency measures play a crucial role in current climate policy (Haines et al., 2017). Governments and organizations are implementing regulations and standards aimed at reducing energy consumption in buildings, transportation, and industries. These measures not only contribute to emissions reduction but also lead to cost savings and improved air quality, thereby benefiting public health (Watts et al., 2017).

Furthermore, carbon pricing mechanisms have gained prominence in recent climate policy discussions (Haines et al., 2017). These mechanisms, such as carbon taxes or cap-and-trade systems, put a price on carbon emissions, incentivizing industries and individuals to reduce their carbon footprint. By internalizing the external costs of carbon pollution, carbon pricing strategies encourage emissions reductions and fund climate mitigation and adaptation efforts (Watts et al., 2018). These policies indirectly benefit public health by reducing air pollution and supporting climate resilience.

International agreements, like the Paris Agreement, continue to shape current climate policy by setting ambitious emissions reduction targets (IPCC, 2018). Nations that are parties to the agreement commit to implementing strategies to achieve these targets. The Paris Agreement recognizes the importance of public health in climate action and emphasizes the need for adaptation measures to protect vulnerable populations from climate-related health risks (Watts et al., 2018). This international cooperation is essential for addressing the global nature of climate change and its impact on public health.

At the local level, many cities and communities are implementing current climate policies that prioritize public health and well-being (Watts et al., 2018). Urban planning for climate resilience, investments in public transportation, and the creation of green spaces are examples of localized initiatives aimed at reducing emissions and enhancing community health (Haines et al., 2017). These efforts acknowledge the interconnectedness of environmental and public health challenges and seek to create more livable and sustainable urban environments.

However, the effectiveness of current climate recommendations and policies varies across regions and nations. Implementation gaps, lack of funding, and political challenges continue to hinder progress (Haines et al., 2017). Additionally, the evolving nature of climate change introduces new and unforeseen health threats, necessitating ongoing adaptation and refinement of policies (Watts et al., 2018).

In summary, current recommendations and policies to address climate change encompass a spectrum of measures, including the promotion of renewable energy, energy efficiency, carbon pricing, and international cooperation. These policies not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also have direct and indirect benefits for public health. To ensure a sustainable and resilient future, it is essential to continue advancing and implementing these policies while addressing challenges and emerging health risks associated with climate change.

Effectiveness Assessment

Evaluating the effectiveness of current climate policies, including the “Green Energy Transition,” in addressing the biological implications of climate change is essential to gauge their impact on public health. This section delves into the assessment of the effectiveness of these policies, taking into account their contributions to mitigating climate-related health risks.

One key aspect of effectiveness assessment lies in the quantification of emissions reductions achieved through these policies. Policies aimed at promoting renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, and carbon pricing mechanisms contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Haines et al., 2017). The effectiveness of these policies can be measured by evaluating the extent to which they have led to actual emissions reductions. For instance, assessing the percentage of energy derived from renewable sources compared to fossil fuels in a specific region provides a tangible measure of progress (Watts et al., 2018). This reduction in emissions directly impacts public health by mitigating air pollution and reducing the risk of climate-related health issues (Haines et al., 2017).

Another critical element of effectiveness assessment is the policy’s impact on air quality. Policies that reduce emissions from fossil fuels and promote cleaner energy sources contribute to improved air quality (Watts et al., 2017). Assessing changes in air quality indicators such as particulate matter and ground-level ozone concentrations provides valuable insights into a policy’s effectiveness (Haines et al., 2017). Improved air quality leads to direct health benefits by reducing the incidence of respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and premature mortality (Watts et al., 2017).

Furthermore, evaluating the policy’s impact on extreme weather events is vital. Climate policies play a role in mitigating the frequency and severity of events like heatwaves, hurricanes, and floods (Haines et al., 2017). An effective policy should lead to a reduction in the occurrence of these events, thereby reducing the associated health risks (Watts et al., 2017). The assessment can include changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, as well as their impact on public health, such as the number of heat-related illnesses or disaster-related injuries.

Assessing the policy’s influence on food security is also crucial. Policies that stabilize climate conditions indirectly support food security by reducing disruptions in agricultural systems (Watts et al., 2018). Evaluating changes in crop yields, food prices, and the prevalence of malnutrition provides insights into a policy’s effectiveness (Haines et al., 2017). An effective policy should contribute to increased food security, ensuring access to safe and nutritious food, and thereby improving public health outcomes.

Additionally, the policy’s role in promoting climate resilience and adaptation strategies is a critical aspect of its effectiveness. Evaluating the extent to which vulnerable populations have access to climate-resilient healthcare systems, early warning systems, and adaptive measures provides insights into its impact on public health (Watts et al., 2017). An effective policy should prioritize the protection of vulnerable communities and reduce disparities in health outcomes related to climate change (Haines et al., 2017).

Lastly, monitoring the policy’s alignment with international agreements and targets is essential. The effectiveness of a policy can be evaluated by assessing its contribution to achieving global emissions reduction goals, such as those outlined in the Paris Agreement (IPCC, 2018). Effective policies should align with international efforts to address climate change, ensuring a coordinated response to the global challenge.

Assessing the effectiveness of climate policies, including the “Green Energy Transition,” involves evaluating emissions reductions, changes in air quality, impacts on extreme weather events, effects on food security, and contributions to climate resilience and adaptation. These assessments are vital to determine the policy’s impact on public health and its alignment with international climate goals. Effective policies not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also lead to tangible improvements in air quality, food security, and the resilience of communities, ultimately safeguarding public health in the face of climate change.

Recommendations for Intervention

As we assess the effectiveness of current climate policies and their impact on public health, it becomes apparent that there is room for further enhancement. To address the evolving challenges posed by climate change and to better protect public health, several recommendations for intervention emerge from the assessment.

Firstly, strengthening international cooperation is paramount (IPCC, 2018). Climate change is a global issue that transcends borders, and its impacts on public health are felt worldwide. Nations must work together to enforce emissions reduction targets, share best practices, and provide support to vulnerable regions (Watts et al., 2018). This collaborative approach ensures a unified response to climate change and maximizes the effectiveness of policies aimed at mitigating its biological consequences.

Investing in climate-resilient healthcare systems is another critical recommendation (Haines et al., 2017). As climate change leads to an increase in extreme weather events and health risks, healthcare infrastructure must be equipped to handle these challenges (Watts et al., 2017). This includes ensuring access to healthcare during and after disasters, improving disease surveillance systems, and training healthcare professionals in climate-related health threats. A resilient healthcare system is essential to protect public health in a changing climate.

Moreover, prioritizing research on climate change and health is essential for evidence-based policymaking (Haines et al., 2017). Continued research into the biological impacts of climate change, the effectiveness of climate policies, and the identification of emerging health threats is crucial (Watts et al., 2018). Policymakers should collaborate with scientists and public health experts to stay informed about the latest research findings and adapt policies accordingly. Evidence-based interventions are more likely to succeed in addressing the complex challenges of climate change.

Promoting sustainable agriculture and food security is a recommendation that directly addresses a fundamental determinant of health (Watts et al., 2018). Climate change disrupts agricultural systems, leading to food scarcity and malnutrition (Haines et al., 2017). Policies should encourage sustainable farming practices, support local food production, and ensure equitable access to nutritious food (Watts et al., 2017). By bolstering food security, policymakers can mitigate one of the most immediate health threats posed by climate change.

Additionally, developing community-level adaptation strategies is essential for protecting vulnerable populations (Haines et al., 2017). Climate change disproportionately affects marginalized communities, exacerbating health disparities (Watts et al., 2017). Policymakers should engage with local communities to identify their unique vulnerabilities and develop tailored adaptation measures (Watts et al., 2018). These strategies may include early warning systems, heat action plans, and improved housing and infrastructure to withstand climate-related events (Haines et al., 2017). Prioritizing community-level adaptation ensures equitable protection against climate-related health risks.

Addressing the biological implications of climate change on public health requires a multifaceted approach. Recommendations for intervention encompass strengthening international cooperation, investing in resilient healthcare systems, prioritizing research, promoting sustainable agriculture and food security, and developing community-level adaptation strategies. These recommendations are essential to enhance the effectiveness of climate policies and ensure the protection of public health in the face of the evolving challenges posed by climate change.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the assessment of the “Green Energy Transition” policy within the context of global climate change underscores the critical importance of addressing the biological ramifications of climate change on public health. This policy represents a significant step towards mitigating the adverse impacts of climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting renewable energy sources. However, while progress has been made, it is evident that there is no one-size-fits-all solution, and challenges persist in fully addressing the multifaceted biological consequences of climate change.

The biological intricacies of climate change, including shifts in disease patterns, increased health risks, and disruptions in ecosystems, demand continued vigilance and innovative strategies. The policy recommendations put forth in this paper, such as strengthening international cooperation, investing in climate-resilient healthcare systems, and prioritizing research, offer pathways to enhance the biological effectiveness of climate change mitigation efforts.

Ultimately, as we navigate the complex interplay between public health, environmental policies, and the evolving challenges of climate change, it becomes increasingly clear that a holistic and collaborative approach is essential. By safeguarding our planet’s biological integrity, we safeguard the well-being of present and future generations.

References

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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2018). Global Warming of 1.5°C.

Watts, N., Adger, W. N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Bai, Y., Byass, P., Campbell-Lendrum, D., … & Montgomery, H. (2017). The Lancet Countdown: tracking progress on health and climate change. The Lancet, 389(10074), 1151-1164.

Watts, N., Amann, M., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Belesova, K., Bouley, T., Boykoff, M., … & Costello, A. (2018). The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: from 25 years of inaction to a global transformation for public health. The Lancet, 391(10120), 581-630.

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