Invention is the Classical Canon involved in the creation of Ethos, Logos and Pathos as proofs that convince audiences. Creating this exercise draws on Modules 5, 6 and 7 and associated Handouts. BOOK: Rhetorical Criticism: Exploration and Practice By: Sonja K. Foss
Publisher: Waveland Press Edition: 5th
1) Review Lincolns Gettysburg Address at the American Rhetoric site: https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gettysburgaddress.htm. Take notes about where and how he creates credibility, emotion and argument while you read it over and listen to one or more of the audio versions listed there.
2) Now as a critic you make three (3) arguments analyzing how you think this speech works using as your resource the artistic proofs of Ethos (credibility), Pathos (emotion), and Logos (logical argument). You do NOT have to address all three. Under Logos you evaluate evidence and claims and can analyze his use of Example, Analogy, Cause, Sign, Principle and Authority. Pathos should look specific techniques used to create specific emotions like word painting, or the use of icons and other language. Ethos can focus on examples or points that show his Character, Expertise, Identification/Values, and Charisma.
3) As part of making your own arguments, use at least two direct Quotes (one from the speech, and one from another source), which will be evaluated for 1) FULL and correct APA References at the end of your points; 2) A FULL and correct Citation for every quote or use of information (direct quotes MUST have page numbers or n.p. if none available!); and 3) Smooth and not overused transitions to your quotes.
4) You MUST have correct APA references listed at the end.
5) Each main argument MUST have a full-sentence TITLE that summarizes your point.
Figure of Speech challenge: Use an anaphora or epiphora to build and emphasize one of your points (be sure to highlight or underline). Noting that Lincoln using an anaphora is NOT the same as using the form yourself as part of the analysis, so dont just quote his.
In sum, here is what I want to see: Give three clear, numbered and titled specific arguments about Lincolns use of the classical artistic proofs that are part of the Canon of Invention (Ethos, Pathos, Logos). From all of the vocabulary under these Modules, you are free to focus on the points you think are important for the speech and do not have to address all three proofs. These are ARGUMENTS, not assertions, so remember to give proof or grounds for your claims by pointing to examples or using analysis. Following APA format, use at least two quotes, give a proper citation and transition phrase for the quote, and provide a complete APA reference at the end of the exercise. I expect three paragraphs, each with a clear numbered title that makes an argument about concepts related to Ethos, Pathos and Logos, developed with examples and analysis, and at least one paragraph using quotes from the speech or a background source (with a proper citation and reference).
Resources:
-Writing Handbook section II: How to identify sources, mark good quotes, avoid plagiarism, and use APA formatting for references and citations. There is also a section II-E on using smooth transitions.
See also the Online Writing Lab at Purdue on using APA: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
-Writing Handbook section I-B: Making clear titles that are full-sentence arguments.
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