Please do not take this assignment if you are not a fluent English writer.
If you have questions, please ask before you start.
Please read the rubrics below carefully. I have written the paper which you must read first. I need certain sections rewritten plus one section added:
1- The paper is written based on the 8 stages of Erik Erikson. I need you to write bolt point 2 below from the rubrics using Albert bandura’s Learning Theory in 3/4 of a page.
2- I need you to rewrite the bolt point 3 section in my paper regarding several specific neurobiological concepts that are pertinent to this individual I interviewed. One paragraph.
3 – I need you to rewrite the bolt point 4 section in my paper regarding the conclusion of my paper approximately one paragraph reflecting theologically on this persons life I interviewed. Describe how Scripture(state the verses) and theology assist with an understanding of this person I interviewed from a Christian perspective.
So there are two sections that I am asking you to rewrite and write 3/4 of a page on using Bandura’s learning theory to discuss this person’s development.
I need 2 peer-reviewed articles which can not be older than the year 2000. Must be peer-reviewed plus a third reference which must be a primary source. Must provide which resources you used. The sources must be included so the professor knows they are real sources.
Paper #1 Rubrics:
Interview a person under 30, either male or female, and explain this persons development in light of Eriksons theory.
Also discuss the interviewees development in light of one learning theory. The instructor will provide a list of acceptable additional theories.
In addition, include several specific neurobiological concepts that are pertinent to this individual.
At the conclusion of each paper, in approximately two paragraphs, reflect theologically on this persons life. Describe how Scripture and theology assists with an understanding of the person from a Christian perspective.
It is expected that students will use at least three additional resources related to human development beyond the texts in their paper (i.e., journal articles, book chapters or other primary source texts on development).
At least one of these resources must be a journal article that has been published in the last 20 years.
At least one of these resources must be a primary source text on development.
There will be a 5% final grade reduction on each paper for each resource below the requirements.
My paper below:
Interview #1
The moment a baby is born, sensory experiences start to play huge roles in their development. The environment also exerts influences on the growth of an individual throughout the various stages of human development. Although genetics are influential in shaping personality, inner experiences, such as emotions within a person, are equally vital during human growth and development. Additionally, there is the social part that has to do with engaging and socializing as members of society. Eriksons (1950/1963) human development psychosocial explains the connection between inner and social experiences that relate to how individuals navigate the world; it also relates to how people within the world have treated them. Eriksons (1950/1963) eight stages of psychosocial development is a comprehensive theory of not only the process of how an individual develops throughout the life cycle but also a theory of identity formation and the process of establishing a coherent sense of self. Piaget ( ) presented that his four stages of cognitive development is how children learn and progress. This paper will use Eriksons stages of development and Piagets theory of cognitive development to analyze Joshs narrative.
Josh is 23 years old and has lived in various cities across the United States. Before the interview and obtaining consent form, Josh was informed that the narrative he provided would be use for an assignment for the human development class at Denver Seminary.
Trust vs. Mistrust and Early Development
According to Eriksons psychosocial development theory, the first stage starts at birth up to 18 months old. During this time, infants are usually uncertain about life and the world (Knight, 2017) and often rely on a caregivers treatment to develop their perspective about the world. Infants tend to build trust if there is reliable, predictable, and consistent care. Josh developed trust and confidence during his childhood because he has a caring mother. Although Joshs mother worked outside of the home before his birth, she decided to be a full-time mother. Joshs father was also engaged in Joshs life and often carried him, rocked him, and played with him. Josh described that his father would even bath him occasionally, His father always made bath time fun as Josh remembers playing with water and balls during his fathers turn to bath him. Josh stated that he seemed happy to be with his parents. Joshs maternal grandparents were frequent visitors, and he has always been very fond of them since he was a young child. During this stage, Josh depended on his parents for basic things to growfood, water, shelter, and emotional needs. Erikson (1950/1963) believed that children who can learn to trust their caregivers develop the virtue of hope where they view the world as a good place. Erikson (1950/1963) proposed that once a person makes it through one stage and has a positive resolution, this will help that person navigate the next stage. However, if a person does not have a positive resolution, the next stage will be all the more difficult for that person to navigate. A person has to resolve the conflict sufficiently to move on to the next stage. Josh was ready to move on to the next stage.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
The second stage of Eriksons theory is autonomy vs. shame and doubt. This stage occurs when a child is between 18 months and 3 years of age. During this stage, children want to have a sense of self-control. Encouraging children to do skills and supporting them often allows them to build their independence (Broderick & Blewitt, ______). As a 2-year-old, Josh would play independently. He also tried to help his mother in the kitchen, which Josh said his mother tolerated because she was very patient with him. After playing, he would pick up his toys and put them in bag as he had seen his mother do. It was during this stage that his sister was born. Josh reported that potty training came very early to him because he loved his little toilet potty. He learned to walk early on, and Josh mentioned that his mobility helped him explore his house and yard while his dad mowed the lawn. He recalls his dad telling him that he loved picking up pinecones in the yard and putting them in a bucket. He has photos of this memory with his dad. Erikson (1950/1963) believed that the caregiver plays a key role in providing guidance and opportunity for the child to check out their world. This guided assistance will allow the child to develop a sense of autonomy. The psychological strength that can be gained at this stage is willpower/self-control (Dunkel & Harbke, 2017, p. 59). Josh was allowed to explore his world through his parents guided help, and this prepared him for the next stage of his development.
Initiative vs. Guilt
The third stage, initiative vs. guilt, occurs between the ages of 3 and 6. Children begin to value social interaction. Play is central and vital during this stage because it helps children explore their abilities and interpersonal skills. Children use this period to initiate activities whenever they are encouraged (Knight, 2017). A thirst for knowledge is high during this period of childhood. By the age of 3, Josh had become a lover of sports. His father played soccer in high school and college; he would take Josh to a nearby park and teach him how to play the game. His parents enrolled Josh in sporting activities, and he spent a lot of time playing with friends. Josh was also interested in putting together puzzles and building with Legos. It was during this period that Joshs parents became Christians and began attending church each Sunday. Josh recalls his interest in attending church and enjoyed interacting with the other children in his Sunday school class. As time went by, Joshs faith began to grow; he recalls drawing and coloring Bible figures and would give these drawings to his grandparents as gifts. Josh learned about church matters. Josh recalls setting goals with his mother to memorize a Bible verse for his Sunday school class each week and felt a sense of accomplishment when he would recite verses he had memorized to his parents and grandparents. He mentioned that his parents and grandparents never became upset when he would forget the words to a verse. Instead, they encouraged him along. As seen from his family and his Sunday school experiences, Josh learned through social interactions. Through virtuosity, he showed his adaptive characteristics.
Industry vs. Inferiority
This development stage, industry vs. inferiority, occurs from the ages of 6 to 11. Children learn to read and write. Teachers are influential during this stage, and peers play a significant role in building a childs self-esteem. Whenever children achieve goals, they feel industrious and confident. Josh attended a Christian school where he met many new people. He had learned to be an initiator, and this helped him navigate his new environment. At one time, a teacher disciplined him for making too much noise, but Josh stated that this actually aided him in seeing the difference between home and school. Josh also realized that he was outstanding in problem solving and critical thinking. Mathematics, however, was challenging. This did not deter Josh from making achievement at home. His maternal grandparents ensured that they challenged him to do more complex puzzles and Lego building but with guidance. Soon, he was capable of building complex Lego structures on his own. The help his grandfather initiated was a positive move in forming adaptive strengths and confidence. Josh began to recognize the skills and gifts he had culturally and through his interactions at school. The honing of these talents and skills result in a sense of industry and the psychosocial strength of competence (Dunkel & Harbke, 2017, p. 59).
Identity vs. Role Confusion
This stage occurs from the ages of 12 to 20. Adolescents search for their identity during this stage and explore their values, goals, and beliefs (Erikson & Erikson, 1998). The important task during this stage is for young people to understand self as they confront the question, who am I? Once identify is defined, an individual can get along with others, learn appropriate roles, learn right from wrong, and develop perceptions toward social groups. During this time, Josh says that his relationship with his family members was a positive one. He loved his parents, his sister, and his maternal grandparents. During this time, his father attended a Bible seminary in another state and became a Bible teacher. Josh began to experience some uncomfortable changes and started to doubt his beliefs. He felt his new school in the different state could not meet his life aspirations, both academically and socially. He wished he could talk to his father about it, but his father went through some personal changes during this period; Josh observed his father suppressing his emotions, seeming distant, unable to deal with conflict, and walking away, Josh learn to do the same and through social learning and having a life_____________ at school who truly cared about him to cope with the situation. He explored one of his longtime interests during this stage, which was making short films outside school and made new friends. Having navigated his previous stages of development successfully, Josh was adaptive and navigated his way through changes he experienced during this state but yearned for emotional correction with his father.
Intimacy vs. Isolation
This stage takes place from age 20 to 40. Individuals experience conflicting times as they try to form intimate relationships. This is Joshs present stage. He has a girlfriend, whom he met in college last year and whom he plans to marry. Josh claims that she has been a positive influence and is aware that he tends to suppress his feelings and avoid conflict. Joshs girlfriend encourages him to be open and share how he feels inside. Josh is mindful of his fathers impact on his inability to express inner feelings and speak up. However, words of affirmation from his girlfriend have started to shape his thoughts and minimize his need to suppress his feelings. Josh stated that he is in a loving and satisfying relationship and is working toward finding a job so he can propose to his girlfriend. He is also seeking counseling to work on himself and to strengthen his identity in Christ to prevent any form of malignant traits from catching up with him. Although his faith is strong, he wants to grow more spiritually into the man that God intends him to be. Josh alluded to experiencing low self-esteem and self-worth during his early college years. He confessed to living a promiscuous life and losing self. Thus, he began therapy; 8 months into it, he gained a greater sense of self-worth and love for self and that is when he met his girlfriend. He shifted from living promiscuously and feeling isolated and made room to love self and others. With the help of attending therapy and his intimate relationship with his girlfriend, Josh is embracing new ways of expressing his feelings and being and overcoming this stage. Wiley ( ) concluded that the understanding of Eriksons eight stages of development has implications on how to facilitate change in the therapy session.
Generative vs. Stagnation
This stage takes place in middle adulthood (40 to 64 years of age). Most people are raising their children in this stage and concentrating on their profession. Broderick and Blewitt (2013) say success often makes individuals feel fulfilled while those who fail may disconnect from society. It is possible that Josh may not find fulfillment when he eventually reaches this stage. Although he understands the importance of not suppressing feelings and has a supportive spouse, he might not value his work. Because Josh never saw his parents committed to work, he, too, might not be committed to work. He learned from the people around him, and his parent illustrated that an individual can survive without having to work. His father worked as a lawyer at Microsoft; financially stable, he retired early. Social learning will have taken place, and through the ________________________though interdependence, Josh may believe that he too can survive without having to work. During this stage, Josh may, therefore, face stagnation and his malignant personality might be portrayed.
Intensity vs Despair
This is the final stage in Eriksons psychosocial development stages. It is experienced by people over 65 years of age. Individuals tend to contemplate their accomplishments. Integrity develops whenever individuals have achieved their goals; despair comes as a result of failure (Knight, 2017). This leaves the individual feeling fulfilled or inadequate. Although Josh has made accomplishments in the previous stages, he would not find integrity if he may not experience work commitment. Unless he fulfills his life goals in the earlier stages, the final stage might cause him despair. Josh could not support himself after college and decided to move back with his parents. He is currently unclear about career goals for himself and lacks ambition as he has been out of work for a year. His last stage or development might make him face despair if he underachieves. Therefore, malignant _________ may be displayed.
Neurobiological Concept Theory
This theory indicates that human behavior is a result of the work of the mind. Different parts of the brain struggle to ensure that an individual achieves desirable outcomes in their activity. The impulses might resemble the struggles experienced by ego, id, and superego. Neurobiology aids in understanding potential diseases or a persons preexisting condition (Pul_____, 2010). Joshs family had no identified cases of mental illness, alcoholism, or drug use; however, his reactions during the interview indicated that he has some underlying problem. His eyes _________________ throughout the interview, and he seemed fatigued. He later confirmed that his doctor had conducted some tests on him and suspected he has thyroid disease. Moreover, the neurobiological theory further points to ______ personality as a result of nature and nurture. Josh was brought up with love and tenderness; and whenever challenged with a crisis, he was able to cope with the arising situation. Even though he repressed his feelings and went through a period of low self-esteem and self-worth, he was able to positively impact his life because crisis life crisis had already been strengthen during earlier stages.
Theological Reflection
According to biblical teachings, humans develop in stages, and they should be treated according to their stages of development. I Cor. 13:11-12 indicates that children act, talk, and reason like children. No one should expect more from children, and children should be given the chance to act their age. When individuals become adults, childish things must be left behind, and they are given an opportunity to act maturely. In Joshs case, his parents tolerated his childish behaviors, but once he grew up, they expected him to take responsibility for his life. In the same way, Luke 2:40 states that children grow and become strong; they are filled with wisdom, and Gods grace is upon them. Every parent is overjoyed to see a child take the right direction once they are mature. Once humans have matured, they are no longer considered children; thus, the world tosses them back and forth (Eph. 4:14-15). Hebrews further states that whenever an individual is a child, they take milk because solid food is for the mature (Hebrews 5:12-14). This means that temptation and challenges have their time. In the same manner, development stages have a variety of lures; a Christians life has ample temptation too, but only those that one can handle at various growth points. This should not be the strong _____ because they usually grow up into the person they have learned to emulate. For Christians, they grow up imitating Jesus. Joshs spirituality is a protective factor as he has worked on strengthening his identity in Christ.
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