How did these different forms of citizenship foster inclusion and promote exclusion, and for whom?

The notion of citizenship is anything but a static category. In your essay, what forms of Italian citizenship were applied at the colonial, national, and/or supranational levels over the last two centuries? How did these different forms of citizenship foster inclusion and promote exclusion, and for whom? In your opinion, what effect(s) did being included and/or left out of citizenship have on Italian national identity? Did alternative forms of belonging to the Italian nation-state exist; if yes, what were they?

Max 500 words.

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