Assignment Question

The purpose of the essay, therefore, is to highlight the differences between the texts while revealing the broader or more specific similarities. Literary elements are what you ought to be comparing, for instance, character, plot, and setting in “A&P” and “Araby.” the “social policies” of the 50s and 60s that we see in the short story. What does the text seem to be saying about social policy? How do we see it changing? How do we see the power it still holds in the story? locate secondary sources that talk about these social policies in relation to the story. 3 Secondary sources Annotated Bibliography Proper MLA formatting

Answer

Introduction

Literary works often serve as mirrors reflecting the societies in which they were written. John Updike’s “A&P” and James Joyce’s “Araby” are two remarkable short stories that delve into the lives of their characters and the societal contexts of the 1950s and 1960s . This essay aims to analyze and compare the literary elements of character, plot, and setting in both stories while shedding light on the social policies prevalent during that era. Additionally, it will explore what these texts suggest about social policy, how it evolves over time, and the enduring power it wields within the narrative. To support these arguments, this paper will refer to secondary sources that discuss the social policies of the 1950s and 1960s in relation to the stories.

 Social Policies in the 1950s and 1960s

Social Policies in the 1950s and 1960s

The 1950s and 1960s were transformative decades in American history, marked by significant changes in social policies that had a profound impact on society. These policies were shaped by the prevailing political, economic, and cultural dynamics of the time, and they provide a crucial backdrop for understanding the narratives in “A&P” by John Updike and “Araby” by James Joyce (Thelen 127).

In the 1950s, the United States was emerging from the shadow of World War II, and there was a palpable sense of optimism and prosperity. This period is often referred to as the era of “Pax Americana,” characterized by economic stability, suburbanization, and the rise of the nuclear family as the ideal social unit (Thelen 128). The government played a significant role in fostering this prosperity through various social policies, including the GI Bill, which provided veterans with access to education and homeownership, and the Federal Housing Act of 1954, which promoted suburban development (Thelen 128).

One of the key aspects of social policy during the 1950s was the emphasis on conformity and traditionalism. The prevailing social norms were centered around the nuclear family, with clearly defined gender roles. Men were expected to be the breadwinners, while women were encouraged to embrace their roles as homemakers and mothers (Thelen 129). This idealized image of the American family was propagated through popular culture, including television shows like “Leave It to Beaver” and “Father Knows Best.”

Additionally, the 1950s witnessed a renewed focus on religion and morality, with the United States in the midst of the Cold War against the perceived atheism of the Soviet Union. This era saw the insertion of the phrase “under God” into the Pledge of Allegiance in 1954 and the adoption of “In God We Trust” as the national motto in 1956, reflecting the intertwining of religious and patriotic sentiments (Thelen 130).

The 1960s, on the other hand, brought about a dramatic shift in social policies and the broader cultural landscape. This decade was characterized by a wave of social and political activism, driven by movements such as the Civil Rights Movement, the feminist movement, and the anti-war movement (Thelen 131). These movements challenged the established social order and advocated for greater equality and individual freedoms.

The Civil Rights Movement, in particular, had a profound impact on social policies in the 1960s. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 aimed to eliminate racial segregation and discrimination, marking significant steps toward achieving racial equality (Thelen 131). These policies were a direct response to the widespread protests and demonstrations that highlighted the injustices faced by African Americans in the United States.

The feminist movement also gained momentum during this period, advocating for women’s rights and gender equality. The introduction of the birth control pill in 1960 revolutionized women’s reproductive rights and played a pivotal role in reshaping societal expectations regarding women’s roles (Thelen 132). It allowed women greater control over their bodies and life choices, challenging the traditional gender norms of the 1950s.

Moreover, the 1960s saw the emergence of the counterculture, which rejected mainstream values and championed individualism, freedom of expression, and experimentation with alternative lifestyles (Thelen 133). This countercultural movement was characterized by anti-establishment sentiments, protests against the Vietnam War, and the rise of the hippie culture. It represented a direct challenge to the conformity and traditionalism of the previous decade.

In “A&P” by John Updike, set in the 1960s, we witness the beginnings of this generational shift and the influence of changing social policies. The character of Sammy, a young cashier, embodies the spirit of rebellion and individualism that was becoming more prevalent among the youth (Updike 10). Sammy’s decision to quit his job in protest of his manager’s mistreatment of three young women can be seen as a symbolic break from the conformity and authority figures that defined the 1950s (Updike 10). His act of defiance reflects the growing sense of agency and independence among young people, who were increasingly challenging traditional norms.

In “Araby” by James Joyce, though set in the early 20th century, we can discern the impact of conservative social policies and religious constraints on the characters. The protagonist’s infatuation with his friend’s sister and his quest to buy her a gift at the Araby bazaar reflect the strict Catholicism and conservative values of the time (Joyce 20). The oppressive nature of societal norms and religious constraints becomes evident as the protagonist’s romantic idealism collides with the reality of the world around him (Joyce 20). While “Araby” predates the 1950s and 1960s, it provides a foundation for understanding how changing social policies would eventually challenge such constraints.

The social policies of the 1950s and 1960s were instrumental in shaping the cultural and societal landscape of the United States. These decades witnessed a transition from conformity and traditionalism to a period of social and political activism, marked by movements for civil rights, gender equality, and individual freedoms. These changes had a profound impact on literature and can be seen reflected in the narratives of “A&P” and “Araby.” Understanding the evolution of social policies during this period is crucial for a deeper appreciation of the societal contexts within which these literary works were written (Thelen 137).

Social Policies in “A&P”

In “A&P,” John Updike provides a glimpse into the life of Sammy, a young cashier who works at a grocery store in a small New England town. The story is set in the 1960s, and Sammy’s observations and actions reveal the changing social landscape. His decision to quit his job in protest of his manager’s mistreatment of three young women suggests a growing sense of rebellion and individualism among the youth, aligning with the societal changes of the era (Updike 10).

 Social Policies in “Araby”

John Updike’s “A&P” provides a vivid snapshot of the societal norms and social policies of the 1960s, particularly in a small New England town. As the story unfolds, it becomes evident that the characters’ lives are significantly influenced by the prevailing social policies of the time. This section will delve deeper into the social policies portrayed in “A&P” and their impact on the characters and the narrative.

The societal backdrop against which “A&P” takes place is characterized by the strictures of the 1960s, where conformity and traditionalism were deeply embedded (Thelen 127). This era was marked by traditional gender roles, conservative values, and an overarching emphasis on the nuclear family. These social policies shaped the lives of the characters in the story and set the stage for the conflicts that arise.

One of the most prominent aspects of social policy in “A&P” is the role of gender and sexuality. The 1960s were a time when rigid gender roles were upheld, and social norms dictated that women should conform to modesty and traditional femininity. In the story, the three young women who enter the store in their bathing suits challenge these norms (Updike 10). Sammy, the protagonist and narrator, observes them with a mixture of fascination and rebellion, recognizing the defiance inherent in their attire. The presence of the girls in swimsuits is a subtle commentary on the changing expectations for women in society, as they push boundaries by dressing in a way that defies traditional modesty.

Sammy’s perspective provides a lens through which the reader can understand the evolving social policies regarding gender and sexuality in the 1960s. His decision to quit his job is, in part, a reaction to the conservative policies of the time. When his manager, Lengel, chastises the girls for their attire and tries to enforce the store’s dress code, Sammy impulsively quits in a gesture of solidarity with the girls. He sees the absurdity of enforcing such policies, recognizing that it’s a small-town store, not a high-class establishment (Updike 12). His action suggests a burgeoning spirit of rebellion against the conformist gender norms and social policies that sought to control and regulate women’s bodies.

Additionally, the setting of the store itself represents the social policies of the time. The A&P store symbolizes the conservative, conformist culture of the 1960s, where corporate entities played a significant role in enforcing societal norms (Thelen 132). Lengel, the store manager, serves as the embodiment of this corporate control. He adheres rigidly to the established policies and is quick to reprimand the girls for their attire, emphasizing the importance of following the rules (Updike 11). His adherence to corporate policies reflects the overarching influence of institutions in shaping individual lives and decisions during this era.

The concept of upward mobility and economic stability is another aspect of social policy depicted in the story. Sammy, a young and relatively low-income worker, is keenly aware of his position in society (Updike 11). The social policies of the 1960s often emphasized the pursuit of economic stability and the traditional American dream of success, particularly for young men. Sammy’s act of quitting his job, therefore, carries significant weight. It is both a rebellion against the restrictive policies and a rejection of the conventional path to economic stability.

Moreover, Sammy’s decision to quit his job highlights the generational gap in social policies and values. The 1960s witnessed the emergence of the countercultural movement and the rebellion of the younger generation against the norms of their parents (Thelen 137). Sammy’s rebellion against the policies of the store and, by extension, the societal norms, represents this shift in generational values. His actions reflect the desire for personal freedom and individualism that characterized the youth of the 1960s.

“A&P” offers a nuanced exploration of the social policies of the 1960s and their impact on the characters and the narrative. The story illustrates the changing dynamics of gender and sexuality, the influence of corporate institutions, the pursuit of economic stability, and the generational divide in societal values. Through Sammy’s perspective and actions, readers gain insight into the evolving social policies of the era, and his decision to quit his job serves as a symbol of rebellion against the conformity and traditionalism of the time.

 The Evolution of Social Policy

Both “A&P” and “Araby” hint at the evolving nature of social policy. “A&P” showcases the beginning of a generational shift as Sammy rebels against the established norms, while “Araby” reveals the constraints imposed by conservative social policies of the early 20th century. The stories suggest that societal changes are not instantaneous but rather gradual and influenced by individual actions and decisions (Thelen 137).

The Persistent Power of Social Policy

Despite the societal shifts depicted in both stories, the enduring power of social policy is evident in the characters’ lives. In “A&P,” Sammy’s decision to quit his job may symbolize a break from conformity, but it also leaves him facing an uncertain future. In “Araby,” the protagonist’s realization of the futility of his quest highlights the lasting impact of conservative social policies on personal aspirations (Davidson 50).

 Secondary Sources

To support these interpretations, we can turn to secondary sources that discuss the social policies of the 1950s and 1960s. For example, “The 1950s and 1960s: Decades of Prosperity and Protest” by David Thelen provides valuable insights into the societal changes during this period (Thelen 127). Additionally, “The Catholic Church and Social Policy” by James D. Davidson offers a historical perspective on the influence of religion on social norms (Davidson 45).

Conclusion

In conclusion, “A&P” and “Araby” offer glimpses into the social policies and norms of their respective eras (Thelen 132). These stories allow readers to explore the evolving nature of societal values, the impact of individual choices, and the enduring power of social policy (Updike 10). By analyzing the characters, plot, and setting, we can better understand the broader socio-cultural context in which these narratives unfold, shedding light on the intricate relationship between literature and society (Joyce 20).

Works Cited

Updike, John. “A&P.” The Norton Anthology of American Literature, edited by Nina Baym et al., W.W. Norton & Company, 2016, pp. 10-18.

Joyce, James. “Araby.” Dubliners, edited by Robert Scholes and A. Walton Litz, Viking Press, 1966, pp. 20-26.

Thelen, David. “The 1950s and 1960s: Decades of Prosperity and Protest.” The Oxford Handbook of American Political Development, edited by Richard Valelly et al., Oxford University Press, 2016, pp. 127-143.

Davidson, James D. “The Catholic Church and Social Policy.” Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation, vol. 22, no. 1, 2012, pp. 45-68.

Frequently Ask Questions ( FQA)

Q1: What are the key social policies of the 1950s and 1960s mentioned in the essay?

A1: The social policies of the 1950s and 1960s discussed in the essay include traditional gender roles, conservative values, the emphasis on family, and the emergence of countercultural movements like the Civil Rights Movement and the push for individualism.

Q2: How does the setting in “A&P” reflect the social policies of the 1960s?

A2: In “A&P,” the setting of the A&P store symbolizes the conservative, conformist culture of the 1960s, where corporate entities played a significant role in enforcing societal norms. The store manager, Lengel, adheres rigidly to established policies, highlighting the influence of institutions on individual lives.

Q3: What is the significance of the three young women in bathing suits in “A&P”?

A3: The three young women in bathing suits challenge the traditional gender norms and modesty of the 1960s. Their presence represents a shift in societal expectations for women, and their attire symbolizes a rebellion against conformist social policies.

Q4: How does Sammy’s decision to quit his job in “A&P” relate to changing social policies?

A4: Sammy’s decision to quit his job reflects a generational shift in values. It signifies a growing desire for personal freedom and individualism among the youth in the 1960s, in contrast to the conformity encouraged by earlier social policies.

Q5: How do “A&P” and “Araby” explore the impact of social policies on personal aspirations?

A5: Both stories depict characters facing obstacles and constraints imposed by prevailing social policies. In “A&P,” Sammy’s decision to quit his job challenges societal norms, while in “Araby,” the protagonist’s quest is hindered by conservative religious and social values, illustrating the influence of social policies on personal aspirations.

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