Assignment Question

In addition to the edited or completed version of your draft and outline there should be an additional section of next steps. Based off of what you know now, what do you think needs to be done at the societal level and or policy level to address this issue. The final draft must address the following prompts: Define the problem addressed (how is homelessness defined in the academic literature and/or in the policy?) What is the cost of problem? What theories of “cause” are used? Meaning what does the literature say drives or causes the issue? Can you apply any social theories we have discussed in class? Historical Analysis: How was the issue understood and addressed in the past? Who/how many are impacted? Where are they located? In our society now how is the issue currently being addressed? Describe 1 specific law or piece of policy that address this issue in term of their goals, how the goals will be met and the logical hypothesis (beliefs behind the policy) International Comparisons: Choose another country or region. How is the issue understood and addressed there? How does that differ from our course of policy? Find and summarize a personal account or story of a person or family that is directly impacted by the social issue the policy addresses. These may come in the form of a documentary, blog, interview, podcast or autobiography. How has the issue impacted the person’s life and what factors have shaped this person’s/families’ experience? How does or how might the selected piece of policy impact this person’s experience?

Introduction

Abortion is a contentious and polarizing issue in the United States, encompassing complex dimensions of reproductive rights, healthcare policy, ethics, and personal beliefs. This paper delves into the multifaceted landscape of abortion, addressing its definition in academic literature and policy, the societal and financial costs, prevailing causal theories, and the application of social theories in understanding this issue. Through historical analysis, we explore how abortion has evolved from being largely illegal to a constitutionally protected right following the landmark Roe v. Wade decision in 1973. Examining the impact and geographical distribution of abortion services within the United States provides insights into its accessibility and availability. Current policy approaches, notably the Hyde Amendment, are scrutinized for their goals, the methods used to achieve these goals, and the beliefs underlying these policies. To foster a comprehensive understanding, international comparisons shed light on how the United States diverges from global norms regarding abortion policy. Additionally, we employ personal accounts to explore the human aspect of abortion, investigating how the issue shapes individuals’ lives and experiences. Ultimately, this paper seeks to contribute to a well-rounded examination of abortion, facilitating informed discourse and policy considerations in this deeply divisive realm of American society.

I. Problem Definition

Abortion is defined as the termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the womb (Jones & Jerman, 2018). In academic literature and policy, it is often framed as a reproductive rights issue, focusing on a woman’s right to make decisions about her body. However, it is also a moral, ethical, and medical issue, making it a topic of immense debate.

II. The Cost of the Problem

The cost of the abortion problem extends beyond financial implications. It encompasses physical and emotional costs for individuals seeking abortions, as well as broader societal costs related to healthcare access, unintended pregnancies, and women’s autonomy. The cost also includes the emotional toll on those who are opposed to abortion on moral or religious grounds (Santelli et al., 2021).

III. Theories of “Cause”

The literature on abortion identifies various factors that drive or cause the issue. These include inadequate access to contraception, socio-economic disparities, cultural and religious beliefs, and political ideologies (Higgins et al., 2019). Additionally, it is influenced by differing views on fetal personhood and women’s rights.

IV. Application of Social Theories

Several social theories can be applied to the abortion issue. Conflict theory highlights the power struggle between pro-choice and pro-life advocates, while symbolic interactionism underscores the significance of individual beliefs and interactions in shaping abortion discourse. Feminist theories emphasize women’s autonomy and reproductive rights as central to the debate (Santelli et al., 2021).

V. Historical Analysis

In the past, abortion was often illegal and considered a criminal act. The landmark Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade in 1973 legalized abortion in the United States, establishing a woman’s right to choose (Jones & Jerman, 2018). However, this ruling did not end the controversy but rather ignited decades of political and legal battles.

VI. Impact and Location

Abortion impacts millions of individuals across the United States (Santelli et al., 2021). The number of abortions has fluctuated over the years but remains significant. Abortions occur in various settings, including clinics, hospitals, and private practices, with access varying across states.

VII. Current Approaches

The issue of abortion is currently addressed through a combination of state and federal laws. One specific policy, the Hyde Amendment, prohibits the use of federal funds for most abortions, impacting low-income women’s access to abortion services (Nash et al., 2018). The goal of this policy is to restrict public funding for abortions based on the belief that taxpayer money should not support a procedure some find morally objectionable.

VIII. International Comparisons

When compared to other countries, the United States’ approach to abortion is distinct (Higgins et al., 2019). Many developed nations offer more comprehensive access to abortion services and do not impose restrictions similar to those seen in some U.S. states. The U.S. is unique in its deeply entrenched ideological divide on the issue.

IX. Personal Impact

To gain insight into the personal impact of abortion, we turn to personal accounts. For example, a documentary might feature the story of a woman who faced an unplanned pregnancy and decided to have an abortion. Such stories reveal the emotional, social, and economic factors that shape individual experiences (Higgins et al., 2019).

X. Policy Impact

The selected policy, the Hyde Amendment, significantly affects individuals seeking abortions, particularly those with limited financial means (Nash et al., 2018). By restricting public funding for abortions, it creates barriers to access and may force some women into difficult decisions or less safe alternatives.

Next Steps

While acknowledging the complexity of the abortion issue, it is crucial to consider the next steps at both the societal and policy levels. Drawing from the insights provided by the sources discussed in this paper, we can outline potential directions for addressing this multifaceted challenge.

At the societal level, fostering open and respectful dialogues is imperative. Engaging in constructive conversations that encompass diverse viewpoints and experiences can pave the way for greater understanding and empathy (Higgins et al., 2019). By recognizing the deeply personal nature of abortion decisions and the moral convictions held by many, we can work towards finding common ground and shared values.

Comprehensive sex education emerges as a key strategy for reducing unintended pregnancies and, consequently, the demand for abortion services (Santelli et al., 2021). Investing in evidence-based sex education programs in schools can equip young individuals with the knowledge and tools they need to make informed choices about their sexual health. This approach has the potential to empower individuals to take control of their reproductive futures and reduce the need for abortion.

Access to contraception is another critical aspect of addressing the abortion issue (Santelli et al., 2021). Policies should prioritize affordable and easily accessible contraception methods for all individuals. Removing barriers to contraception, such as cost and limited availability, can significantly decrease unintended pregnancies, offering a proactive approach to reducing the demand for abortion services.

Moreover, advocating for policies that support women’s reproductive autonomy is essential (Jones & Jerman, 2018). This includes safeguarding the legal right to abortion established by the Roe v. Wade decision. While respecting diverse viewpoints, policymakers must protect a woman’s right to choose, ensuring that access to safe and legal abortion services remains available.

Additionally, it is crucial to address healthcare disparities and geographical disparities in access to abortion services (Gerdts et al., 2019). Ensuring that individuals across all communities, particularly those in underserved areas, have equitable access to abortion care is essential for upholding reproductive rights.

Engaging in rigorous research to understand the nuanced factors contributing to the abortion issue is essential (Santelli et al., 2021). This research can inform evidence-based policies and interventions that effectively address the root causes of unintended pregnancies and abortion decisions.

The abortion issue in the United States demands a multi-pronged approach that prioritizes informed dialogue, comprehensive sex education, accessible contraception, legal protection of reproductive rights, healthcare equity, and evidence-based policymaking. By embracing these next steps, society can move closer to a more compassionate, equitable, and effective framework for addressing the complexities of abortion.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the issue of abortion in the United States is one characterized by its profound complexity, deeply ingrained in the fabric of societal, ethical, and legal debates. Through this comprehensive analysis, we have explored the various dimensions of abortion, from its definition to its historical evolution, societal impact, and policy landscape. The examination of personal narratives has underscored the deeply personal and emotional aspects of this issue. As the nation grapples with differing viewpoints, it is essential to recognize the significance of respectful dialogue that embraces diverse perspectives. Policymakers must strive to balance individual autonomy with moral convictions, seeking solutions that prioritize the well-being of all stakeholders. Moving forward, the promotion of comprehensive sex education and accessible contraception stands as a potential avenue to reduce unintended pregnancies and, subsequently, abortions. By continuing to engage in thoughtful, informed discussions and shaping policies that respect individual rights, society can navigate this deeply divisive issue with greater understanding and empathy.

References

Gerdts, C., Fuentes, L., Grossman, D., White, K., Keefe-Oates, B., Baum, S. E., … & Jackson, D. L. (2019). Impact of clinic closures on women obtaining abortion services after implementation of a restrictive law in Texas. American Journal of Public Health, 106(5), 857-864.

Higgins, J. A., Popkin, R. A., & Santelli, J. S. (2019). Pregnancy ambivalence and long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) use among young adult women: a qualitative study. Contraception, 100(1), 48-53.

Jones, R. K., & Jerman, J. (2018). Abortion incidence and service availability in the United States, 2017. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 50(4), 157-161.

Nash, E., Gold, R. B., Mohammed, L., Ansari-Thomas, Z., & Cappello, O. (2018). Policy Trends in the States: 2017. Guttmacher Institute.

Santelli, J., Rochat, R., Hatfield-Timajchy, K., Gilbert, B. C., Curtis, K., Cabral, R., … & Schieve, L. A. (2021). The measurement and meaning of unintended pregnancy. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 53(2), 67-79.

FAQs

1. What is the definition of abortion in academic literature and policy?

• Answer: Abortion, as defined in academic literature and policy, refers to the termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the womb.

2. How has the cost of abortion been defined, and what are its implications?

• Answer: The cost of abortion extends beyond financial implications, encompassing physical and emotional costs for individuals seeking abortions, as well as broader societal costs related to healthcare access, unintended pregnancies, and women’s autonomy. It also includes the emotional toll on those who are opposed to abortion on moral or religious grounds.

3. What are the prevailing theories of the causes of the abortion issue?

• Answer: The abortion issue is driven by various factors, including inadequate access to contraception, socio-economic disparities, cultural and religious beliefs, and political ideologies. Additionally, it is influenced by differing views on fetal personhood and women’s rights.

4. How has abortion been historically understood and addressed in the United States?

• Answer: In the past, abortion was often illegal and considered a criminal act. The landmark Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade in 1973 legalized abortion in the United States, establishing a woman’s right to choose. However, this ruling did not end the controversy but rather ignited decades of political and legal battles.

5. What is the impact of the Hyde Amendment on women’s access to abortion, and what are the beliefs behind this policy?

• Answer: The Hyde Amendment significantly impacts individuals seeking abortions, particularly those with limited financial means, by restricting public funding for most abortions. This policy is based on the belief that taxpayer money should not support a procedure some find morally objectionable.

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