.6. In the ABO blood typing system, a person with type O blood can donate blood to a person with any other blood type, but can only receive blood from another person with type O blood. Explain why this is so.
7. The first step of urine production in a nephron is filtration of the blood in the glomerulus. However, some of the molecules that were filtered out are actually returned to the blood during tubular reabsorption (the second step of urine production). Describe the tubular reabsorption process, including the structures and molecules involved, and explain why these molecules need to be reabsorbed.
8. The presence of either protein or glucose in a urinalysis is abnormal, but these two molecules end up in the urine for different reasons. For each of these two molecules, briefly describe where in the urine production process (i.e., glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption or tubular secretion) the problem occurs, and why it might happen.
9. Although the kidneys are probably best known as filtration organs, they also help control blood pressure. Explain the kidneys role in blood pressure regulation.
10. Antibiotic resistance (also explained in the video posted in the immune system lecture folder) is a growing problem, which makes it difficult or impossible to treat some bacterial infections with antibiotics. Explain how antibiotic resistance develops.
11. The human immune system has a variety of ways to protect us from pathogens, including innate and adaptive defenses. Describe one specific example of each of these types of defense, including how each example works to protect us.
12. The inflammatory response is one of your bodys defense mechanisms but problems can occur when this response is too strong. Describe one specific example of an overreaction of the inflammatory response, including the specific chemicals, cells, tissues and/or processes involved.
13. Although an organ transplant may be life-saving, it can also trigger a defensive response by the transplant recipients own immune system (i.e., transplant rejection). Using your knowledge of how the human immune system works, explain why an organ transplant could be problematic and give an example of one way to help minimize harmful immune responses caused by a transplant.
14. One of the many functions of the integumentary system is protection. Describe two specific ways that the integumentary system is protective (i.e., what it protects against and how).
15. Vaccination is the most effective way to control infectious diseases in both individuals and populations. Many debilitating or deadly diseases (e.g., smallpox, polio, tetanus) have already been reduced, or even eliminated, because of widespread vaccine use. Explain how a vaccine works with an individuals immune system to protect them from disease, and describe one possible biological consequence (to either the individual or the population) of not getting vaccinated.
All answers must be typed and written in full sentences; spelling and grammar will count. You do not need to re-write the questions . A short answer question should be answered in one paragraph . Have a high level of detail you include and your ability to demonstrate your understanding of the topic in your own words.
Your answers must be written entirely by you, in your own words; do not use direct quotations from your sources please be specific
all answers must be typed and written in full sentences; spelling and grammar will count. A short answer question should be answered in one paragraph be very specific use examples. You must have a level of detail you include and your ability to demonstrate your understanding of the topic in your own words.
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